Attachment Theory

Attachment Theory Introduction This paper reports on the attachment theory and how life experience affects one’s emotional attachment to others. Attachment theory advanced by John Bowlby in the early 1950s, seeks to explain how early life relations affects an individual’s emotional bonding in future Hutchison (89). Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Attachment Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory gives an understanding of the different personalities as relates to emotional relationships. The theory was first focused on the relationship between children and their parents, but was later expanded to look at the whole lifespan. The theory looks at ones attachment as being influenced by both psychological conditions and the social environment. The Attachment Theory and Life Experiences According to the proponents of the attachment theory, children develop a bond with their caregivers, which grow into an emotional bond. Further research on the theory indicates that life experiences in childhood direct the course of one’s personality as well as the social and emotional development throughout his or her life. Besides the explanation advanced by the theory regarding the connection between a baby and its mother or a care giver, the theory also seeks to explain the attachment between adults Hutchison (43). Among adults, an emotional attachment is felt more especially during bereavement or separation of spouses. Babies are born without the ability to move or feed themselves. They depend on care givers to for these needs; they however have pre-programmed set of behavior that comes into action due to the environmental stimuli. Environmental stimuli may trigger a sense of fear or distress in the baby making it cry for help from the mother or the care giver. The protection or comfort offered to the baby makes it develop a stronger emotional bond with the mother and others who are closer to it. Children grow to relate comfort from distress to the people who are close to them during their early stages of development. The nature of the environment a child grows in, together with the â€Å"psychological framework builds up a child’s internal working model† Hutchison (52). The internal working model comprises of the development of expectations that an individual perceives in social interactions. The theory explains the effect of challenging parenting such as; neglect or abuse. Parents and caregivers should endeavor to develop an environment that makes children feel secure and comfortable. Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The type of relationship parents establish with their children at their early stages of development determines the type of emotional attachment a child develops with them. A child who grows up in a loving and sensitive environment deve lops secure relationships in with others. Such a child grows to recognize others as being caring, loving and reliable. They also develop high self esteem and learn to deal with negative feelings. Research indicates that people who grow up in secure attachment relationships are able to demonstrate good social aptitude throughout their life. On the contrary, children brought up in unsecure environment develop an avoidant attachment. An unsecure environment to children is often characterized by fear, anxiety and rejection. This type of environment makes a child make children to downplay their emotional feelings. There is a group of children who grow up with care givers that are not consistent in responding to their emotional needs. Their care givers are sometimes sensitive, and sometimes insensitive to their feelings. Such children develop â€Å"an attachment seeking habit as they try to conquer the insensitivity of their caregivers† Hutchison (34). This sort of behavior by c hildren is referred to as ambivalent attachment, where the children seek to compensate for the inconsistent responsiveness by the caregiver. Such a child tries to manage other people’s attention through behavior sets such as; seduction, bullying rage and necessity. Hutchison, Elizabeth. Dimensions of human behavior: The changing life course. 4th Ed. Thousand oaks, CA: Sage publications, 2011. Print

Art Review - A Voluptuary Under the Horrors of Digestion essays

Art Review - A Voluptuary Under the Horrors of Digestion essays Art is subjective; everyone has different opinions on what constitutes a masterpiece. Some may find Van Gogh's "Starry Night" to be the epitome of a great artistic creation, while others may appreciate the innovative style of Picasso's "Guernica." No matter whether a person views art as garbage or as the holy grail, the purpose of art is to force people to become contemplative. Artists can bring out of people that which cannot be easily seen or felt. They can cause the observer to think about other people and their emotions, their environment, and the social issues that have arisen in the world. The most enduring issue of civilization is the unequal balance of power between the wealthy and the impoverished. The painting "A Voluptuary Under the Horrors of Digestion" serves as a satire on the upper class, displaying the contrast between French and British artists, exposing the faults of the nobility, and twisting public perception of the nobility. The greatest obstacle to art was censorship. The catastrophic nature of the French Revolution led to a wide-scale censorship of literature, art, and of the press in France. As another monarchist nation, Great Britain should have feared that the rebel attitude across the water would spread to its people. Despite their proximity to the French Revolution, the British maintained a system of free speech and free press. As a result, artists were free to say whatever they wanted in their works because there were no repercussions to fear. The artist behind "A Voluptuary Under the Horrors of Digestion" was clearly making a statement about the appalling nature of greedy nobles yet because of freedom of the press he is able to openly mock the nobility, showing the confidence of Britain as a nation. Faced with no restrictions to his work, the artist of the painting depicted a noble in an appalling manner. Earlier in history, the noble's portliness would have marked him as fashionable and of high soci...

Battle of Port Hudson - Civil War Battle of Port Hudson

Battle of Port Hudson - Civil War Battle of Port Hudson The Battle of Port Hudson lasted from May 22 to July 9, 1863, during the American Civil War (1861-1865) and saw Union troops final take control of the entirety of the Mississippi River. Having captured New Orleans and Memphis in early 1862, Union forces sought to open the Mississippi River and split the Confederacy in two. In an effort to prevent this from occurring, Confederate troops fortified key locations at Vicksburg, MS and Port Hudson, LA. The capture of Vicksburg was tasked to Major General Ulysses S. Grant. Having already won victories at Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh, he began operations against Vicksburg in late 1862. A New Commander As Grant commenced his campaign against Vicksburg, the capture of Port Hudson was assigned to Major General Nathaniel Banks. The commander of the Department of the Gulf, Banks had taken command at New Orleans in December 1862 when he relieved Major General Benjamin Butler. Advancing in May 1863 in support of Grants effort, his principal command was the large Union XIX Corps. This was comprised of four divisions led by Brigadier General Cuvier Grover, Brigadier General W. H. Emory, Major General C. C. Augur, and Brigadier General Thomas W. Sherman. Port Hudson Prepares The idea for fortifying Port Hudson came from General P.G.T. Beauregard in early 1862. Assessing defenses along the Mississippi, he felt that the towns commanding heights which overlooked a hairpin turn in the river provided the ideal location for batteries. Additionally, the broken terrain outside of Port Hudson, which contained ravines, swamps, and woods, helped make the town extremely defensible. Design of Port Hudsons defenses was overseen by  Captain James Nocquet who served on the staff of Major General John C. Breckinridge. Construction was initially directed by Brigadier General Daniel Ruggles and continued by Brigadier General William Nelson Rector Beall. Work pressed on through the year though delays ensued as Port Hudson had no rail access. On December 27, Major General Franklin Gardner arrived to take command of the garrison. He quickly worked to enhance the fortifications and constructed roads to facilitate troop movement. Gardners efforts first paid dividends in March 1863 when the majority of Rear Admiral David G. Farraguts squadron was prevented from passing Port Hudson. In the fighting, USS Mississippi (10 guns) was lost.   Armies Commanders Union Major General Nathaniel Banks30,000 to 40,000 men Confederate Major General Franklin Gardneraround 7,500 men Initial Moves In approaching Port Hudson, Banks dispatched three divisions west with the goal of descending the Red River and cutting off the garrison from the north. To support this effort, two additional divisions would approach from the south and east. Landing at Bayou Sara on May 21, Augur advanced toward the junction of the Plains Store and Bayou Sara Roads. Encountering Confederate forces under Colonels Frank W. Powers and William R. Miles, Augur and Union cavalry led by Brigadier General Benjamin Grierson engaged. In the resulting Battle of Plains Store, Union troops succeeded in driving the enemy back to Port Hudson. Banks Attacks Landing on May 22, Banks and other elements from his command quickly advanced against Port Hudson and effectively had surrounded the town by that evening. Opposing Banks Army of the Gulf were around 7,500 men led by Major General Franklin Gardner. These were deployed in the extensive set of fortifications that ran for four and half miles around Port Hudson. On the night of May 26, Banks held a council of war to discuss an attack for the following day. Moving forward the next day, Union forces advanced over difficult terrain towards the Confederate lines. Beginning around dawn, Union guns opened on Gardners lines with additional fire coming from US Navy warships in the river. Through the day, Banks men conducted a series of uncoordinated assaults against the Confederate perimeter. These failed and his command sustained heavy losses. The fighting on May 27 saw the first combat for several African-American regiments in Banks army. Among those killed was Captain Andre Cailloux, a freed slave, who was serving with the 1st Louisiana Native Guards. Fighting continued until nightfall when efforts were made to retrieve the wounded. A Second Attempt The Confederate guns briefly opened fire the next morning until Banks raised a flag of truce and asked permission to remove his wounded from the field. This was granted and fighting resumed around 7:00 PM. Convinced that Port Hudson could only be taken by siege, Banks began constructing works around the Confederate lines. Digging through the first two weeks of June, his men slowly pushed their lines closer to the enemy tightening the ring around the city. Emplacing heavy guns, Union forces began a systematic bombardment of Gardners position. Seeking to end the siege, Banks began planning for another assault. On June 13, the Union guns opened with a heavy bombardment which was supported by Farraguts ships in the river. The next day, after Gardner refused a demand to surrender, Banks ordered his men forward. The Union plan called for troops under Grover to attack on the right, while Brigadier General William Dwight assaulted on the left. In both cases, the Union advance was repulsed with heavy losses. Two days later, Banks called for volunteers for a third assault, but was unable to obtain sufficient numbers. The Siege Continues After June 16, fighting around Port Hudson quieted as both sides worked to improve their lines and informal truces occurred between the opposing enlisted men. As time passed, Gardners supply situation became increasingly desperate. Union forces continued to slowly move their lines forward and sharpshooters fired on the unwary. In an effort to break the deadlock, Dwights engineering officer, Captain Joseph Bailey, oversaw the construction of a mine under a hill known as the Citadel. Another was begun on Grovers front extending under Priest Cap. The latter mine was completed on July 7 and it was filled with 1,200 pounds of black powder. With construction of the mines finished, it was Banks intention to detonate them on July 9. With the Confederate lines in a shambles, his men were to make another assault. This proved unnecessary as news reached his headquarters on July 7 that Vicksburg had surrendered three days earlier. With this change in the strategic situation, as well as with his supplies nearly exhausted and no hope of relief, Gardner dispatched a delegation to discuss Port Hudsons surrender the next day. An agreement was reached that afternoon and the garrison formally surrendered on July 9. Aftermath During the Siege of Port Hudson, Banks suffered around 5,000 killed and wounded while Gardners command incurred 7,208 (approx. 6,500 captured). The victory at Port Hudson opened the entire length of the Mississippi River to Union traffic and severed the western states of the Confederacy. With the capture of the Mississippi complete, Grant turned his focus east later that year to deal with the fallout from the defeat at Chickamauga. Arriving at Chattanooga, he succeeded in driving off Confederate forces that November at the Battle of Chattanooga.

25 Idiomatic Phrases That Include Single Initials

25 Idiomatic Phrases That Include Single Initials 25 Idiomatic Phrases That Include Single Initials 25 Idiomatic Phrases That Include Single Initials By Mark Nichol An initial letter, almost invariably capitalized, is often the first element in a two-word noun compound that constitutes an idiom. (Use of a connecting hyphen varies, and various sources may include or omit a hyphen.) Often, the letter stands for a word; occasionally, letters are used to assign priority (A and B, for example) or represent a shape. Here are common terms representing this form. 1. A side: a song released on a 45 rpm record, intended to become a hit single (see also â€Å"B side†) 2. A-bomb: a nuclear explosive device, from â€Å"atomic bomb† 3. A Level: a qualification for secondary school graduation originating in the United Kingdom and existing in other countries; the initial stands for advanced 4. A-game: used in the phrase â€Å"bring (one’s) A-game† to describe an A-player 5. A-player: an athlete- or, by extension, anyone else- who performs at a high level 6. B movie: originally, a low-budget movie that, with a more well-financed, well-publicized film, constitutes a double feature (a presentation of two movies at a movie theater); now, any low-budget commercial film 7. B side: originally, a song released on the flip side of a 45 rpm record opposite an intended hit single; such songs, either ones considered less likely to be popular or alternative versions of the A-side song, sometimes became hit singles in their own right (the term is now used to refer to a bonus track on a recording) 8. B-roll: supplemental film or video footage 9. C-section: a surgical incision to deliver a baby, from â€Å"caesarean section† 10. C-suite: collectively, the positions in a corporation constituting the highest level of management, from the first letter in the initials for â€Å"chief executive officer,† â€Å"chief operations officer,† â€Å"chief finance officer,† and so on 11. e-mail: a message delivered online from a digital device and accessed on another device, from â€Å"electronic mail† (recently supplanted by email in the Associated Press Style Book; formerly, E-mail); similar terms include e-business, e-commerce, and e-newsletter 12. F-hole: A sound hole in the surface of some stringed instruments, named for its shape (a stylized italic f); similar holes are designated C-holes and D-holes 13. f-stop: a value in optics of the ratio of a lens’s focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil; the letter is an abbreviation of focal (alternative terms include f-ratio) 14. F-word: a euphemism for a specific form of profanity that begins with the letter f; the â€Å"[letter]-word† form is also used to refer to any serious or jocular vocabulary evasion, as in The L Word, the title of a television series about lesbians and bisexual women (similarly, some offensive terms that consist of compound words are disguised by eliding all but the first letter of the first element of the word and inserting a hyphen, as in a-hole) 15. G rated: a designation that represents evaluation of the content of a movie by the Motion Picture Association of America on the basis of its suitability for children; by extension, the phrase refers to family-friendly content or an inoffensive conversation or situation (associated terms are â€Å"R rated,† to refer to violent or sexually charged content and â€Å"X rated,† denoting obscene or sexually explicit content) 16. G-string: a garment, a type of thong, worn as underwear or in striptease, alternatively said to derive from girdle or groin; a similar item is called a V-string 17. H bomb: a nuclear explosive device, from â€Å"hydrogen bomb† 18. J-school: a journalism department or school at a university, from â€Å"journalism school† 19: O Level: a qualification for secondary school graduation originating but no longer widely used in the United Kingdom but extant in other countries; the initial stands for ordinary (the term in Scotland was â€Å"O Grade†) 20. S curve: a term used in engineering and mathematics to represent a function, or a term in fine art for a sinuous body position 21. T-bone: a cut of steak with a cross section of a bone that is shaped like the letter T 22. V-neck: a V-shaped cut in the neckline of a shirt or other garment 23. X-axis: a horizontal line in two-dimensional space, often used in charts and graphs 24. X-ray: a form of electromagnetic radiation 25. Y-axis: a vertical line in two-dimensional space, often used in charts and graphs Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Apply to, Apply for, and Apply withHow to Pronounce MobileJanuary 1 Doesn't Need an "st"

Change Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Change Experience - Essay Example People are always ready to resist change as an effort to retain their well-known methods of operations. Resistance to change was the main challenge of the new information system in the pharmaceutical marketing. People offered both intentional and unintentional resistance to the new operating system in their operations. Intentional resistance involved avoiding using the system intentionally. This meant that people adopted the traditional method to obtain information about a certain product. In such cases, people were fully aware of the benefits of using the new system but they opted to bypass it. In the unintentional resistance, people developed a negative attitude toward the new system. The negative attitude was developed from consideration of the cost and the efficiency of the new system. Although the conventional method of prescription is efficient and fast it lacks accuracy. The new system, on the other hand, enhances accuracy but it is time-consuming and hence inefficient (Rokeac h, 1973). Learning new ideas is always a challenge to many people and, this had an effect on the new system. Although the system is user-friendly, most people working with the system were incompetent and, this contributed to their resistance. Having been trained using the traditional operation system meant that the new system was a challenge to both my career and industrial operation. Throughout our training, we had been taught how to have as much information as possible concerning a certain pharmaceutical product.... Learning new ideas is always a challenge to many people and, this had an effect with the new system. Although the system is user friendly, most people working with the system were incompetent and, this contributed to their resistance. Having been trained using the traditional operation system meant that the new system was a challenge to both my career and industrial operation. Throughout our training, we had been taught how to have as much information as possible concerning a certain pharmaceutical product (Borkowski, 2005). This meant that we had used all our resources, time learning, and memorizing information about pharmaceutical product. When I first encountered the new information system, I felt betrayed. This is because I considered my education system as a waste of time and resources. I considered the new system as nullification of our education and experience in the pharmaceutical industry. I also felt betrayed since any ordinary person could use the new information system to perform a similar task as that performed by a trained pharmacist. Revolutions resulting from adopting technology in various firms and industry are inevitable. This indicates that learning or adopting new technology is the best method of enhancing sustainability in the modern business world (Funigiello, 2005). This awareness challenged me to learn how to use the new information system. Despite the challenges and feelings of betrayal, I had to learn how to use the new information system in order to save my profession. Learning how to use the system involved substituting my ordinary knowledge about prescription with the working of the new system. The second action involved

National Expansion and Race in the Americas Essay

National Expansion and Race in the Americas - Essay Example Although the frontier in the name of unlimited free land provided opportunities to natives and non-natives, who were attracted in order to develop the lands of the frontier resulting in thousands of migrants who only succeeded because western farming promised unusual profits. But on the other hand, the democratic American frontier remain deprived of political and social institutions until the beginning of 1800. Many historians still believe that war and diplomacy were the major determinants behind extending the territory of the U.S by securing control over the Mississippi River and removing the threat of foreign intervention in the Southwest. In fact, U.S decided to expand its frontiers due to the political threats from the English and French. When Canada along with the federal civilization democratic policy and the conquest of the Creek Nation opened land for white settlement, the government initiated the facilitation of the transfer of property on which federal tariffs on foreign sugar bolstered Louisiana's economy. At the same time each of the Deep South states passed laws regulating the internal slave trade to ensure their desire for labor and security. People immigrated to America for many reasons among which the most common ones include starvation, war ravages and political influence in America and Europe. History suggests that the Westward movement initiated a new conflict over land rights that took place from coast to coast, while at the same time arising new issues over frontiers regarding occupation and settlement and included the borderlands of Mexico with the westward movement in Canada and Alaska. Racism remained a prominent feature of Western expansion which resulted in evil forms of oppression among which deliberate racial extermination against aborigines in areas settled by whites was common. The economic transformation benefited frontier white Americans who had already utilize the traditions of an expanding capitalist system of private property and to some extent political and economic system. The settlement of trans-Mississippi West experienced a rapid pace of change in a short span of time and as compared to the Mexican frontier, witnessed many wars in less than a century. Mexican frontier was followed with feudal political system with rare communicating modes with the outer world, ship and rail. Meanwhile, the French in Canada did their best to maintain their fur trade down the Mississippi river from where most of the revenue and trade went to Montreal, which portrayed America to be a large market for British goods (Dunn 2005, p. 5). In addition to the fur and land trade, African slaves were traded in order to work at tobacco and sugar farms. After taking control over American frontier, Illinois along with the French in Canada developed effective strategic processes from bringing fur from the frontier to Montreal. This way Canada managed to be a leader in trade while America benefited from the Westward revolution through turning its attention towards agriculture and farming. Canada had greater advantage for it had forty portages between Montreal and Michilimackinac along with the advantage of Ottawa river. Since, Canada was exposed to harsh weather where the rivers often turn useless to be utilized, it left behind industrial progress as

Discussion Board Questions 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussion Board Questions 2 - Essay Example es (2008) is that the employer looks concerned about the job applicants an aspect that make potential employees to feel secured leading to an increase on the level of motivation thus enhancing their productivity. Similarly, realistic recruitment message helps the employers to hire committed and satisfied employees. This is based on the fact that the potential employees have various options implying that they are ready to work and are focused at attaining their own goals and those of their chosen organisation. One of the key characteristics of an effective promotion policy is that it should be clearly communicated. In this way, individuals relying on the promotion policies during their decision making process are able to make reliable and coherent decisions. Secondly, a reliable promotion policy must clearly define the opportunities and the responsibilities of the employees. This will not only avoid the confusion among the employees but also it will enable them to be focused at attaining their own goals as well as those of the organisations. An effective promotion policy must outline rules related to benefits, compensation, and advancement in the work places. As a result, workers will feel secured thus reducing the rate of labor turnover and cases of absenteeism thus enhancing productivity of an organisation. A decision maker should collect adequate information regarding the number of employees that are needed by an organisation to accomplish short term and long term goals. For instance, a newly established firm must take into consideration the high initial capital that calls for adequate staff to avoid high expenses that may reduce the initial profits. In the same way, decisions makers must consider the level of skills and competence that are needed to undertake a particular job. In this way, they will be in a position to hire qualified employees that posses relevant qualifications to undertake the outlined duties. To avoid legal difficulties during the initial